GS QUESTION...... Substantiate, with examples, the view that the Indian Constitution is a hallmark of rigid and flexible constitution. How has this rigidity and flexibility helped the Indian Constitution for more than seven decades, while many other decolonised countries have either replaced or subverted their respective constitutions?

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Question.. Substantiate, with examples, the view that the Indian Constitution is a hallmark of rigid and flexible constitution. How has this rigidity and flexibility helped the Indian Constitution for more than seven decades, while many other decolonised countries have either replaced or subverted their respective constitutions? POINTS -  I. Rigid & flexible feature of constitution  II. Features & nature of amendments of constitution  III. Features of Balance of change & continuity  IV. Conclusion  ANSWER -                  Based upon the provisions made for its amendment, a constitution can be flexible or rigid or a mixture of both. A flexible constitution can be amended by ordinary law-making exercise, while a rigid constitution can be amended by a very difficult and special procedure. As regards to Indian constitution, it strikes a balance between rigidi...
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PSIR QUESTION 14. Compare Kautilya with Machiavelli. Should Kautilya be called as Indian Machiavelli?

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question 14..Compare Kautilya with Machiavelli. Should Kautilya be called as Indian Machiavelli?

Points 
1.Give a brief introduction of Kautilya & Machiavell
2.Give similarities between Kautilya and Machiavelli
3.Give differences between Kautilya and Machiavelli
4.Tell whether Kautilya should be called Indian Machiavelli & conclude
Answer -
Give a brief introduction of Kautilya & Machiavelli 
There are two names celebrated in history for an exposition of the theory of StatecraftKautilya and Machiavelli. Kautilya, a teacher of political morals is a contemporary and guide of Chandragupta Maurya and is the author of Arthashastra which deals with all the doctrines concerned with practical life, economics, administration and politics.
Machiavelli who was the first to sense the upheaval of Renaissance is the author of “Prince” treats mainly of statecraft and lays down conditions that are necessary for the establishment and operation of machinery of a strong State.
Give similarities between Kautilya and Machiavelli
Kautilya and Machiavellian times have certain resemblance with respect to lawlessness, violence and callousness to the sanctity of human life and the apathy of the public conscience.
Both Kautilya and Machiavelli have admiration for power and efficiency in man, both glorified the State and regarded the King as morally and legally the foundation of all sovereign authority.
Both favour the relaxation of political canons in accordance with the change in circumstances and suitability of political conditions.

Both have pessimistic view of the world and men are looked upon as purely selfish, ungrateful, fickle and cowardly.
Both advise King not to trust officials, and considered statecraft is management of power. Another common aspect was the expansionist foreign policy pursued by both.
Both propounded the use of unfair means including the use of religion for politics, and giving primacy to nation state.
Give differences between Kautilya and Machiavelli
However, there are some differences between them when Kautilya regards King as a fountain of Justice and preserver of Dharma. He is a confirmed believer in moral order of universe and in divine nature of State to preserve Dharma. On the other hand, Machiavelli consciously maintains the separation of politics from ethics and religion by giving politics an assured and scientific basis.
Kautilya believed that King is not above Dharma whereas Machiavelli considered King as harmless.
Kautilya’s work is much more detailed and exhaustive unlike Machiavelli whose ideas are brief in consonance with then prevalent time and space.
Tell whether Kautilya should be called Indian Machiavelli & conclude
Nehru called Kautilya as India’s Machiavelli in his work “The Discovery of India” whereas Max Weber went to the extent to call Kautilya as more Machiavelli than Machiavelli.
However, Kautilya gave detailed analysis of Statecraft ages before Machiavelli and with plethora of similarities it would be an understatement to call Kautilya as Indian Machiavelli, rather Machiavelli should be called Italian Kautilya.





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