GS QUESTION...... Substantiate, with examples, the view that the Indian Constitution is a hallmark of rigid and flexible constitution. How has this rigidity and flexibility helped the Indian Constitution for more than seven decades, while many other decolonised countries have either replaced or subverted their respective constitutions?

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Question.. Substantiate, with examples, the view that the Indian Constitution is a hallmark of rigid and flexible constitution. How has this rigidity and flexibility helped the Indian Constitution for more than seven decades, while many other decolonised countries have either replaced or subverted their respective constitutions? POINTS -  I. Rigid & flexible feature of constitution  II. Features & nature of amendments of constitution  III. Features of Balance of change & continuity  IV. Conclusion  ANSWER -                  Based upon the provisions made for its amendment, a constitution can be flexible or rigid or a mixture of both. A flexible constitution can be amended by ordinary law-making exercise, while a rigid constitution can be amended by a very difficult and special procedure. As regards to Indian constitution, it strikes a balance between rigidi...
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PSIR QUESTION..5.‘Machiavelli made a unique contribution to the discussion on statecraft’. Elaborate and comment

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Q..5..‘Machiavelli made a unique contribution to the discussion on statecraft’. Elaborate and comment..

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Machiavelli in the west, represents the first clear break from idealism and morality and, thus, considered to be the first modern thinker. A/Q to Lerner, the whole drift of Machiavelli’s work is towards a political realism, unknown to the formal writing of his time. Bacon praised Machiavelli for his realism and pragmatism and the fact that he wrote about human nature, thenature of political society and its actual operations, with a concern about how things ‘are’, rather than how they ‘ought to be’.

Machiavelli's’ ‘Prince’, a product of the prevailing conditions of his time, is a memorandum on the art of Government and state craft for a successful rulership. .A/Q to Butterfield, Machiavelli’s science of statecraft (or maxims to the ruler) developed out of ministerial correspondence, study of history and its lessons, the ancient wisdom and from examples of great and noble deeds.

Deviating from medieval principles and theories, Machiavelli suggested that politics is different from religion and ethics. Proposing the ‘power view of politics’, he held that politics is the management of power. Thus, he suggested the Prince that he should aim at acquisition and extension of his princely powers and territories. The two basic means for success for a ruler are- the judicious use of law and physical force. Thus, a prince must combine in himself rational as well as brutal characteristics- a combination of “Lion” and “Fox”. In addition he argued that the prince will be judged by the end he achieved. As ends will be justified by the means to be employed, Prince should not suffer from dilemma in opting the means.

Instead of preaching about idle state or fullest moral development of political men, Machiavelli was mainly concerned with the security of the state. For Machiavelli a well-ordered state ensures the wellbeing and security necessary to combat social conflict in radical selflessness of human nature. Behind his suggestions and advice to the Prince, the freedom of the country, a desire for reservation of the state and common good was the core theme.

A/Q to Jones, Machiavelli’s insight that the state can be understood only in terms of human lust and appetites, and his supplementary recognition that successful ruler must learn to control these forces, make an approach in political thinking and constitute the basis for the whole modern development.

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