GS QUESTION...... Substantiate, with examples, the view that the Indian Constitution is a hallmark of rigid and flexible constitution. How has this rigidity and flexibility helped the Indian Constitution for more than seven decades, while many other decolonised countries have either replaced or subverted their respective constitutions?

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Question.. Substantiate, with examples, the view that the Indian Constitution is a hallmark of rigid and flexible constitution. How has this rigidity and flexibility helped the Indian Constitution for more than seven decades, while many other decolonised countries have either replaced or subverted their respective constitutions? POINTS -  I. Rigid & flexible feature of constitution  II. Features & nature of amendments of constitution  III. Features of Balance of change & continuity  IV. Conclusion  ANSWER -                  Based upon the provisions made for its amendment, a constitution can be flexible or rigid or a mixture of both. A flexible constitution can be amended by ordinary law-making exercise, while a rigid constitution can be amended by a very difficult and special procedure. As regards to Indian constitution, it strikes a balance between rigidi...
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PSIR QUESTION 22.. Suggest how electoral systems can be made more representative so that democracy doesn't become tyranny of majority?

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Today's question.... Suggest how electoral systems can be made more representative so that democracy doesn't become tyranny of majority

 Points -

  1. Start on following lines
  2. Give suggestions on electoral reforms
  3. Conclusion 

Answer -
●Start on following lines Democracy can be defined as a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free and fair elections. This fairness is at the very heart of democracy and elections are essential pre-requisites of any successful democracy. However, some scholars have been skeptical of representative democracy in fear of getting transformed into tyranny of majority like Alexis De Tocqueville, JS Mill. Ortega Gasset in her work "Revolt of Masses" also expressed her fear of mobocracy. Representative democracy was seen as apprehensive also by scholars like Almond, Verba. Electoral reform is a broad term that covers, among other things, improving the responsiveness of electoral processes to public desires and expectations.
●Give suggestions on electoral reforms Over the years electoral system has been in reformation swing, with adjustments as per emergence of technology and loopholes to make the system more efficient. However, certain reforms can be introduced to make it more representative to avoid making it become mobocracy. Some of the reforms include: Prescribing a ceiling for political parties’ expenditure, like that for the candidates for ensuring equity in participation, considering state funding of elections with independent audit and a complete ban on private donations to reduce money and muscle power and enhancing representation. Enforcing internal democracy and transparency in the working of the political parties as also suggested by 255th Law Commission Report. Also, to eventually bring them under the RTI. Set up an independent national election fund where all tax-free donations could be made. It could be operated by the ECI or any other independent body. Accept the ECI’s proposal to legally empower it to cancel elections where credible evidence of abuse of money has been found. Debar persons against whom cases of heinous offences are pending in courts from contesting elections. Empower the ECI to de-register those political parties which have not contested any election for 10 years and yet benefited from tax
exemptions. Make paid news an electoral offence with two years’ imprisonment by declaring it a “corrupt practice” (Sec 100 RP Act) and “undue influence” (Sec 123(2)).
●Conclude on following lines Such path-breaking changes can help in improving the quality of democracy and reduced chances of tyranny of majority, mobocracy by making fairness as key ingredient of elections and improving quality of representation.

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