Neutrino ias

Question 13 - While many of Plato’s ideas were utopian and have no practical value today, others represent the abiding truth. (Gettel) Answer: Plato has been regarded as the founder of classical idealism by virtue of his attempts to conceptualize that disorders and crisis of the actual world and presented it to his readers a vision of desirable political and social order. Thus, Plato has been credited with laying the foundation of the philosophical perspectives and issues on which the Western political tradition rests. In this context Whitehead has commented that ‘the entire European philosophical tradition is nothing but a set of footnotes of Plato’. In his work ‘Republic’, Plato’s greatest work, he has attempted to established the philosophical tradition of Justice. And in doing so, he set forth his conceptions of an ideal state. His book explored the notion of justice and its realisation within the individual and the state. It sketched a detailed picture of the polity and so...

Question. ..Write short notes on Participatory Democracy Points - Start with explaining democracyStart with explaining democracy You must then explain participative democracy Give brief difference with deliberative democracy Then give criticism of participative democracy Conclusion  ●Start with explaining democracy James Bryce in his work “Modern Democracies” chiefly called democracy as the rule of people expressing their sovereign will and majority opinion determining legislation. ●You must then explain participative democracy  Participative or direct democracy is a system of government in which all public decisions are taken by general body of citizens at their regular meetings. Rousseau is regarded as pioneer of participative democracy and in his classic work “The Social Contract” asserted that Government is only an instrument to carry out instructions of the general will which is convergence of real will of all members. He also called participative ...

Question.  12.Write the short note on (a) Greatest happiness of greatest number of Bentham. Points -   1..Give an introduction of Bentham and Utilitarianism 2. You should then explain the purpose of the statement. 3. You must then give the criticism by Socialists Answer - • Give an introduction of Bentham and Utilitarianism Bentham is father of Utilitarianism. The theory of Utilitarianism is based on the psychological and hedonistic theory of “Pleasure and Pain”. According to Bentham, nature has placed mankind under to sovereign masters- pleasures and pain. It is for them alone to point out we ought to do as well as to determine what we shall do. • You should then explain the purpose of the statement. The key note to Bentham’s theory of utility is that state is useful only so long as it caters to the “greatest happiness to the greatest number”. He considers it as a yardstick for the state policy. As SABINE has put it, “This principle the utilitarian held to b...

Today's question  Que. 11) "The sad truth is that most evil is done by people who never make up their minds to be good or evil."-Hannah Arendt. Comment. Points - • You must first understand what the question is about. It is based on Hannah Arendt’s concept of ‘Banality of Evil’ and mention it in the introduction itself. • You must then explain her way of thinking in context of this theory. • In the body, you must elaborate on how she believes that evil has become banal and also mention her works. • In the conclusion, you can give her analysis of evil, and the importance of her theory. Answer - This statement relates to Hannah Arendt’s concept of ‘Banality of Evil’, which came into prominence from her reportage on ‘Eichmann in Jerusalem’, based on the trial of Adolf Eichmann.  his work marks a shift in her concerns from the nature of political action, to a concern with the faculties that underpin it - the interrelated activities of thinking and judging. Her ...

Q..10   . Write a short note on (A)Will not force is the basis of State. Points  1.• You must give introduction of T.H.Green and mention the name of the book from which the statement was taken. 2.context of the statement 3.You must then show how T.H.Green explains the statement 4.You can conclude by T.H.Green’s views on the counter - views of State Answer : • You must give introduction of T.H.Green and mention the name of the book from which the statement was taken. The above statement comes from Green’s theory of principle of political obligation. T.H.Green is known as the father of Concept of Positive Liberty ehich led to the creation of the welfare state. • You should then give the context of the statement T.H.Green suggest that the reason for the continuation of the state. The basis of state’s legitimacy has been a matter of debate among various political philosophers. T.H.Green suggests that the reason for continuation of the state is the will of th...

Q..9.“Machiavelli has been called the first realist in politics.” Explain with particular reference to his concept of relationship between ethics and politics. Points - • You must start the answer by explaining the concept of Realism. ●Introduce Machiavelli as Realist. • Give arguments to support Machiavelli as a Realist • Prove that Machiavelli was the first Realist. Answer : • You must start the answer by explaining the concept of Realism . Realism is the power view of politics. For Realists, power is an end and power is a means. Realism attempts to look at things as they are, rather than as they ought to be.  • I ntroduce Machiavelli as Realist. With Machiavelli begins a new age in political thinking as the rejected idealization and insisted on the needs to grasp the realities of politics. For this, Machiavelli is known as the father of Realism. He is the first person to have established an autonomous sphere of politics and was bold enough to suggest politics is no...

Q..8.Hegemony does mean something more specific than power and domination. Elaborate Points -  • You must pick out the central concept mentioned in the question, which is power, and explain its centrality in political science. • You should then give the different dimensions of power. • In the body, you must explain Gramsci’s concept of hegemony, and explain how it is different from domination. • You can then conclude by giving the importance of hegemony and how it plays out in the arena of civil society. Write your answer in comment 👇 Answer -- Power may be regarded as one of the central concepts of political science. H. Lasswell and A. Kaplan have even defined political science in terms of ‘study of the shaping and sharing of power.’ There are many dimensions of power, understood in terms of violence, force, domination but the most common underlying factor is the materialistic and economic aspect. One of the greatest contribution by Gramsci to political science lie...

Question 7..why is Karl Marx regarded as the founder of scientific socialism? Would you describe him as evolutionary or revolutionary socialist? Points ●You can start by introducing socialism and briefly explain its emergence and give the place of Marx in socialism. • You must then describe Marx’s view of earlier socialists and his reason for calling them so. • The next logical step would be to explain why Marx calls his socialism as scientific to address the first part of the question. You can also give its critical evaluation. • You should finally deal with the second part of the question, whether Marx should be associated with evolutionary or revolutionary socialism. Write your answer in comment box 👇 Answer - -Socialism is a meta-ideology which C.E.M. Joad accurately described as “a hat that has lost its shape because everyone wears it”. There have been many schools of socialism, among which Marx remains an important “watershed point”. He is one of the few thinkers wh...

Q..6... Write a short note on (a)Real is rational and rational is real. Write your answer in comment box Points to write answer 👇 .. 1.Give introduction of the Hegel 2.give Hegel’s perspective & purposes 3.then explain the statement. 4.criticism of Hegel’s theory Answer : • You should give introduction of the Hegel Hegel was a famous German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism.  • You must give Hegel’s perspective & purposes . Hegel was an idealist thinker, like Plato. He believed that idea is the ultimate reality and wanted to establish state as the supreme institution. He also wanted to establish the superiority of the German race.  • You should then explain the statement. The statement is about Hegel’s conception of reality. The first part of the statement represents his epistipomology which is the theory of knowledge. According to him, reality is what we understand by the use of the reason what is the ultimate reality cannot b...

Q..5..‘Machiavelli made a unique contribution to the discussion on statecraft’. Elaborate and comment.. Comment your answer Machiavelli in the west, represents the first clear break from idealism and morality and, thus, considered to be the first modern thinker. A/Q to Lerner, the whole drift of Machiavelli’s work is towards a political realism, unknown to the formal writing of his time. Bacon praised Machiavelli for his realism and pragmatism and the fact that he wrote about human nature, thenature of political society and its actual operations, with a concern about how things ‘are’, rather than how they ‘ought to be’. Machiavelli's’ ‘Prince’, a product of the prevailing conditions of his time, is a memorandum on the art of Government and state craft for a successful rulership. .A/Q to Butterfield , Machiavelli’s science of statecraft (or maxims to the ruler) developed out of ministerial correspondence, study of history and its lessons, the ancient wisdom and from examples...

Q .4. ‘Aristotle is a status quoist’. In the light of this statement, examine Aristotle's view on revolution Answer: In the history of Western political tradition, both Plato and Aristotle enjoy a pre-eminent position as the great Masters. while Plato was an idealist and a radical, Aristotle is a realist and a moderate. Aristotle has been regarded as the father of Political Science as he was the first to analyse, critically and systematically, the subject matter of politics and identified its core elements such as Sovereignty of law, constitutionalism, faith in moderation, proportionate equality, and causes and remedies of revolution. As instability and transformation has been the most characteristic feature of Greek Political life, Aristotle has examined the cause for instability, change and revolution, and prescribed remedies against unnecessary and incessant change. For Aristotle, Revolution meant any change in the political system such as change from a moderate to an ext...

Q3..“ The perfect Guardian must be a philosopher” (Plato). Post your answer in comment box Answer: Plato has been regarded as the founder of philosophical idealism by virtue of his attempt to formulate and define political ideas within the large framework of Idea of “good” or “ideal”. His main purpose was to make Athens an “Ideal State”. The theory of the philosopher Guardian or ruler is the linchpin of Plato’s Ideal State. It was derived from the conviction that the philosopher has the knowledge, intellect and training to govern. He told that the best law and the best constitution come into being only when the supreme power in the man coincides with the greatest wisdom and templates. Accepting the Socratic idea that “ knowledge is virtue” , Plato argued that wrong deeds had their origin in ignorance, whereas knowledge leads to right actions and happiness. A/Q to Plato, a philosopher, by his grace of the idea of good was the best qualified to rule, implying that a philosoph...

2. "It is inequality, that we have seen that is everywhere the cause of revolution. " Explain with the reference to Aristotle's principles of the distributive Justice Answer points.. :    ·1. You must start by giving the introduction of Aristotle.  2.You should then give Aristotle's theory of distributive Justice 3.Link all three: His theory of Justice, Equality & revolution together  4.You must finally state why Aristotle raises this question.  Answer: · You must start by giving the introduction of Aristotle. Aristotle being the greatest disciple of Plato has also dwelled on the idea of Justice. Both Plato and Aristotle believed that the primary task of the state was to ensure justice. · You should then give Aristotle's theory of distributive Justice. Aristotle has distinguished between distributive and rectificatory justice. Rectificatory justice comes under the domain of law and courts. But the main concern of political philos...

1. "The fundamental issue of the Republic is the discovery of Nature and habitation of Justice." Discuss this statement and examine Plato's Conception of Justice. Comment your answer... Answer: points  · 1.Republic is the idea of Justice start by explaining the importance of   Justice: 2.· Give the importance of theory of Justice in Plato's work. . 3.Show how Plato gives his theory of justice and his concern behind it.  4.· As question is raised that Justice is the most important of Plato's   principle, conclude in that way : Answer    · Republic is the idea of Justice start by explaining the importance of Justice: Justice has been described as the first virtue of a society, by Rawls. It is the most fundamental basis on which is the edifice of the every state is built. A State can continue so long as people consider it just. · Give the importance of theory of Justice in Plato's work. The importance of theory of j...